The People of Gibraltar

 2020 - Once upon a time in Islamic Gibraltar

Ahmad ibn-Jabir Al-Baladhuri (800)
A 9th century Persian historian whose principal work was the Kitab Futuh al-Buldan.


The following are copies of two pages from Philip Khuri Hitti’s translation of Baladhuri's work taken from his 1916 publication.



Notes: See my chapter on Al-Nuwayri for a different version of the fate of Musa ibn Nusayr.

The following additional quotes are from a Spanish translation of an English version by Philip Khuri Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State published originally in 1916.


(Musa ibn Nusayr) redujo a Tánger y la ocupó, siendo el primero en ocupar y hacer numerosos musulmanes. Sus jinetes llegaron hasta el as-Sus-al-Adna, que estaba sobre veinte jornadas de as-Sus al-Aksa (el actual Marruecos). Así sometió as-Sus al-Aksa, llevando muchos cautivos de los habitantes y recibiendo homenajes. Su amil reunió de entre ellos sadakah. Posteriormente nombró a Tariq ibn Ziyad, su liberto, para su mando (de Tánger y sus alrededores) y partió a Kairawan Ifriqiya. 

Notes: 
as-Sus-al-Adna  was a district in Morocco with Tangier as its capital.
as-Sus al-Aksa was the area to the south of Morocco.

“Kairawan” is Cairwan now the modern city of Kairouan (Al Qayrawan) in Tunisia. It was founded by the Umayyads in 670 AD. Most medieval documents spell the town as Cairwan.

The Great Mosque of “Cairwan” built in the 7th century and almost certainty a place that Musa would have often visited (Early 20th century photograph)

Tarik cruza el Estrecho: . . . el primero en invadir al-Andalus fue Tarik (Tariq ibn Ziyad) el amil de Musa ibn Nusayr, que fue en el . . . 18 de octubre del 711. Tarik se reunió con Ulyan el comandante del Majaz al-Andalus, quien le prometió seguridad con tal que le transportase con sus compañeros a al-Andalus en sus navíos. Cuando llegaron allí, Tarik se le opusieron sus habitantes, pero efectuó la conquista del país . . .  

Musa ibn Nusayr escribió a Tarik (Tariq) una severa carta por arriesgar la vida de los musulmanes y seguir su propia opinión sin consultar a Musa en cuanto a la campaña. Mientras tanto, le ordenó ir más allá de Córdoba. El mismo Musa continuó hacia Córdoba en al-Andalus; y Tarik buscó y recuperó su favor. Tarik entonces redujo la ciudad de Toledo, la capital del reino de al-Andalus y que se encuentra próxima a Francia.

 Notes: 
“Ulyan” - also often referred to as Ilian/llyan - is Julian 
“Toledo” of course, is nowhere near France

An old Islamic map showing al-Andalus and northern Africa showing from the top circled in white, Toledo, Cordoba and Sus al aksa  (c934 – Al Istakhri)

Going somewhat off-piste, the Irish - later French - orientalist Baron de Slane in his translation of Ibn Khaldun’s Histoire des berbères. . . offers the following in the genealogical section known as the Anales de Ed-Dehebi.

Abou Soleiman-Aïou, hijo de El-Hakem, hijo de Abd-Allah, hijo de Meka-Bitro [Pedro], hijo de Ilian (Julian), era de origen godo.

A footnote by Baron de Slane confirms that both Julian and his son Pedro – the first and only time I have come across him – were Christians, but that one of his grandchildren converted to Islam taking the Muslim name of Abd-Allah. It is also apparent that even well after the conquest, Julian continued to be held in great esteem by the Muslims – which is not surprising. If one can believe most medieval historians, without his help the Muslims would never have taken on the attempt to conquer Iberia.


Baron de Slane

Notes: 
See also my essays on Ibn Khaldun, on Istakhri .
An essay by me - not included in this series - on Enrique Gozalbes' article Comes Julianus  (see LINK) might be useful in deciding Julian's identity. 


To return to the list of essays on the Introduction please click on the link below